Monday, September 6, 2010
information aid: information aid: IT & Computer
information aid: information aid: IT & Computer: "information aid: IT & Computer: 'Technical information sheet of ASUS ARES Radeon HD 5870 - 4 GB GDDR5 - PCI-Express 2.1 (ARES/2DIS/4GD5)The ..."
information aid: IT & Computer
information aid: IT & Computer: "Technical information sheet of ASUS ARES Radeon HD 5870 - 4 GB GDDR5 - PCI-Express 2.1 (ARES/2DIS/4GD5)The ARES could well be the world's fa..."
Technical information sheet of ASUS ARES Radeon HD 5870 - 4 GB GDDR5 - PCI-Express 2.1 (ARES/2DIS/4GD5)The ARES could well be the world's fastest graphics card!
Featuring two Radeon HD 5870 chipsets clocked at 850 MHz, this Asus ARES graphics card wipes out the competition by offering performances that are up to 32% better than those of the Radeon HD 5970. You'll be able to enjoy the latest video games with never-before-seen frame rates!
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information aid: Company act 1994
information aid: Company act 1994: "The Companies Act (Bangladesh), 1994 (See section 404) (Published by Notification No. SRO 177-law dated 1-10-95. of Ministry of Commerce) Ac..."
Sunday, September 5, 2010
Bangladesh Professional: VAT
Bangladesh Professional: VAT: "Value Added Tax (i) VAT is imposed on goods and services at import stage, manufacturing, wholesale and retails levels; (ii) A unifo..."
Bangladesh Professional: Taxation
Bangladesh Professional: Taxation: "Tax Rate (Assessment Year- 2008-09) : Other than Company : For individuals other than female taxpayers, senior taxpayers of 70 years and ab..."
Bangladesh Professional: Information
Bangladesh Professional: Information: "Tips for jobseekers: • Search jobs online, ask friends & relatives • Check the requirement on advertisement • Change the CV as it required ..."
Bangladesh Professional: Education
Bangladesh Professional: Education: "A standard job application format: Date: Personnel Manager ...................... .................... Subject: Application for ..........."
information aid: Factory act
information aid: Factory act: "Bangladesh Factories Act, 1965 (No. 4 of 1965). CHAPTER I.- PRELIMINARY Section 1. Short title, extent and commencement. - (1) This Act m..."
information aid: Factory act
information aid: Factory act: "Bangladesh Factories Act, 1965 (No. 4 of 1965). CHAPTER I.- PRELIMINARY Section 1. Short title, extent and commencement. - (1) This Act m..."
information aid: Business & associates
information aid: Business & associates: "What is economic system? Explain various typesof economic system. Organized way in which a state or nation allocates its resources and ap..."
What is economic system? Explain various typesof economic system.
Organized way in which a state or nation allocates its resources and apportions goods and services in the national community. Economic system appears in the definitions of the following terms: mixed economy, capitalism, metaproblem, laissez-faire economics, automatic fiscal stabilizers, economic dynamics, macroeconomics, business, success to the successful, international business
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Friday, September 3, 2010
Paradox of value
This phrase was first used by Scots economist Adam Smith (1723-1790). In his theory he wonders how a diamond can be so tremendously valuable, but have no inherent worth i.e. it is not necessary to life, whilst water which is central to living is practically worthless.
He recognised that it was possible that this was the case because water is plentiful but diamonds are not, but this would not account for the price of the commodity not the value. Yet we would all value a diamond more than a jug of water.
He concluded that the difference in value was caused by the fact that diamonds are labour intensive in the sense that they have to be extracted cut, shaped and polished, whereas water can be esaily obtained by anyone. This means that water may have a greater use value than diamonds, but it has a much lower exchange value and this was his paradox of value!
The paradox of value addresses why absolute necessities such as water are valued (priced) so cheaply, while frivolities like diamonds are highly valued and command outrageous prices.
The paradox of value refers to the fact that very useful goods (e.g., water) can have very low prices, whereas goods that are not necessary for survival (e.g., diamonds) can command high prices.
He recognised that it was possible that this was the case because water is plentiful but diamonds are not, but this would not account for the price of the commodity not the value. Yet we would all value a diamond more than a jug of water.
He concluded that the difference in value was caused by the fact that diamonds are labour intensive in the sense that they have to be extracted cut, shaped and polished, whereas water can be esaily obtained by anyone. This means that water may have a greater use value than diamonds, but it has a much lower exchange value and this was his paradox of value!
The paradox of value addresses why absolute necessities such as water are valued (priced) so cheaply, while frivolities like diamonds are highly valued and command outrageous prices.
The paradox of value refers to the fact that very useful goods (e.g., water) can have very low prices, whereas goods that are not necessary for survival (e.g., diamonds) can command high prices.
THE EMPLOYMENT OF LABOUR (STANDING ORDERS) ACT, 1965
BANGLADESH
THE EMPLOYMENT OF LABOUR (STANDING ORDERS) ACT, 1965
Act VIII of 1965
________________________________________
An Act to repeal and with certain amendments, re-enact the Industrial and Commercial Employment (Standing Orders) Ordinance, 1960.
WHEREAS it is expedient to repeal and, with certain amendments, re-enact the Industrial and Commercial Employment (Standing Orders) Ordinance, 1960 (Ordinance No. III of 1960) for regulating conditions of service of workers employed in Shops and Commercial and Industrial Establishments and for matters connected therein;
THE EMPLOYMENT OF LABOUR (STANDING ORDERS) ACT, 1965
Act VIII of 1965
________________________________________
An Act to repeal and with certain amendments, re-enact the Industrial and Commercial Employment (Standing Orders) Ordinance, 1960.
WHEREAS it is expedient to repeal and, with certain amendments, re-enact the Industrial and Commercial Employment (Standing Orders) Ordinance, 1960 (Ordinance No. III of 1960) for regulating conditions of service of workers employed in Shops and Commercial and Industrial Establishments and for matters connected therein;
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What is monetary policy? What are the principle objectives of the monetary policy?
Monetary policy is the attitude of the political authority towards the monetary system of the community under its control. It is the process a government, central bank, or monetary authority of a country uses to control (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or rate of interest to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. Monetary policy is one of the tools that a national Government uses to influence its economy. Using its monetary authority to control the supply and availability of money, a government attempts to influence the overall level of economic activity in line with its political objectives. Monetary policy is referred to as either being an expansionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply.
Objectives of monetary policy:
To save guard the country’s gold reserve: The gold standard is a better monetary system. The far right advocates the gold standard because it gets government out of the business of controlling the money supply. They fear that printing money creates inflation, and retracting money causes recessions.
To maintain price stability: The benefits of price stability are substantial. Maintaining stable prices on a sustained basis is a crucial pre-condition for increasing economic welfare and the growth potential of an economy
To maintain exchange stability: It shows that fixing the exchange rate to a basket of currencies instead of a single currency serves to promote long-term stability to which the Bank remains strongly committed. A stable exchange rate imposes a constraint on domestic monetary policy which could be regarded as a useful safeguard against unsound policies.
Elimination of cyclical fluctuation: In recent years the problems of monetary policy have been approached more and more with a view to both stabilizing the value of the monetary unit and eliminating fluctuations in the economy. To attempt at explaining and publicizing these most difficult economic problems. It may perhaps be appropriate to speak of fashions in economics.
Achievement of full employment: Needlessly high levels of unemployment are a contributing factor to a wide range of social ills, which would be substantially alleviated by driving unemployment. This will require substantial increases in government deficits and debt.
Acceleration of economic growth: Expansionary monetary policy is monetary policy that seeks to increase the size of the money supply. In most nations, monetary policy is controlled by either a central bank or a finance ministry. There is no clear consensus on how monetary policy affects real economic variables. Both economic schools accept that monetary policy affects monetary variables
Objectives of monetary policy:
To save guard the country’s gold reserve: The gold standard is a better monetary system. The far right advocates the gold standard because it gets government out of the business of controlling the money supply. They fear that printing money creates inflation, and retracting money causes recessions.
To maintain price stability: The benefits of price stability are substantial. Maintaining stable prices on a sustained basis is a crucial pre-condition for increasing economic welfare and the growth potential of an economy
To maintain exchange stability: It shows that fixing the exchange rate to a basket of currencies instead of a single currency serves to promote long-term stability to which the Bank remains strongly committed. A stable exchange rate imposes a constraint on domestic monetary policy which could be regarded as a useful safeguard against unsound policies.
Elimination of cyclical fluctuation: In recent years the problems of monetary policy have been approached more and more with a view to both stabilizing the value of the monetary unit and eliminating fluctuations in the economy. To attempt at explaining and publicizing these most difficult economic problems. It may perhaps be appropriate to speak of fashions in economics.
Achievement of full employment: Needlessly high levels of unemployment are a contributing factor to a wide range of social ills, which would be substantially alleviated by driving unemployment. This will require substantial increases in government deficits and debt.
Acceleration of economic growth: Expansionary monetary policy is monetary policy that seeks to increase the size of the money supply. In most nations, monetary policy is controlled by either a central bank or a finance ministry. There is no clear consensus on how monetary policy affects real economic variables. Both economic schools accept that monetary policy affects monetary variables
Thursday, September 2, 2010
What is value of money? How it is related to price level? How the value money is determine by the saving and investment theory of keyn’s?
Value of money:
Value is money is nothing but purchasing capacity of money. To determine value of money there are three approaches-
1. Fisherian theory
2. Cambridge theory
3. Keynesian theory.
Fisherian Theory: Value of money is determined by indirect demand. Value of money is determined by the interaction of supply and demand.
D = S [ In short term & equilibrium of money]
S is determined by MV
D is determined by TP
PT = MV [ M= Physical Money ; V= Velocity of money. ]
Is broadly PT = MV + M´V´
P = MV + M’V’/t
P = M + M’
When price level increases than purchasing capacity is determined and it decreases than other is increasing that Fisherian theory
Theory of Keyn’s
Value of money does not depend on the demand of money or supply of money. Value of money actually depends on the aggregate income and aggregate expenditures of the society. According to modern economists general price level (P) depends on total expenditure. If or any reason aggregate expenditure goes up and then price level may go up and vice versa. Again, aggregate expenditure depends on aggregate income. A decrease in income will lead to reduction in expenditure, which will in turn reduce the price level. On the other hand a rising in aggregate income will lead to an increase in aggregate expending and give rise to price level. At a certain period aggregate income of the society will be equal to aggregate expenditure.
That is Y = E
Again Y= C+S and Y- C = S
I = Y-C, in case of investment
So when both S and I can b derived from deducting consumption expenditure from national income, then there must be equity between savings and investment.
That is S = I
But, even if, real savings equals to real investment, yet desire investment always will not be equal to desire savings. This is because both the decision is not taken by same individual. The amount of savings depends on the propensity to income and propensity to save. On the other hand, investment depends on prospects of profit and loss. Under this circumstances there may be difference between plan savings and plan investment. Any decrease in plan investment or increase in propensity to save may lead to rise in rise level. On the other hand, if plan investment supersedes planned savings may lead to rise in level. So, change in aggregate income leads to change price level. Supply of money or demand for money has nothing to do in determining price level or value of money.
Value is money is nothing but purchasing capacity of money. To determine value of money there are three approaches-
1. Fisherian theory
2. Cambridge theory
3. Keynesian theory.
Fisherian Theory: Value of money is determined by indirect demand. Value of money is determined by the interaction of supply and demand.
D = S [ In short term & equilibrium of money]
S is determined by MV
D is determined by TP
PT = MV [ M= Physical Money ; V= Velocity of money. ]
Is broadly PT = MV + M´V´
P = MV + M’V’/t
P = M + M’
When price level increases than purchasing capacity is determined and it decreases than other is increasing that Fisherian theory
Theory of Keyn’s
Value of money does not depend on the demand of money or supply of money. Value of money actually depends on the aggregate income and aggregate expenditures of the society. According to modern economists general price level (P) depends on total expenditure. If or any reason aggregate expenditure goes up and then price level may go up and vice versa. Again, aggregate expenditure depends on aggregate income. A decrease in income will lead to reduction in expenditure, which will in turn reduce the price level. On the other hand a rising in aggregate income will lead to an increase in aggregate expending and give rise to price level. At a certain period aggregate income of the society will be equal to aggregate expenditure.
That is Y = E
Again Y= C+S and Y- C = S
I = Y-C, in case of investment
So when both S and I can b derived from deducting consumption expenditure from national income, then there must be equity between savings and investment.
That is S = I
But, even if, real savings equals to real investment, yet desire investment always will not be equal to desire savings. This is because both the decision is not taken by same individual. The amount of savings depends on the propensity to income and propensity to save. On the other hand, investment depends on prospects of profit and loss. Under this circumstances there may be difference between plan savings and plan investment. Any decrease in plan investment or increase in propensity to save may lead to rise in rise level. On the other hand, if plan investment supersedes planned savings may lead to rise in level. So, change in aggregate income leads to change price level. Supply of money or demand for money has nothing to do in determining price level or value of money.
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